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23 December, 2023 by Anshul (neobio)
CD163, known as a scavenger receptor, is a protein that plays a crucial role in the polarization of monocytes and macrophages. Over the years, various studies have identified CD163 as a potential marker for M2 macrophages, a polarized version of this vital immune cell. The world of cancer research has shown particular interest in these CD163 M2 cells due to their surprising and complex roles in tumor progression.
Bridging the gap between immunology and oncology, the study of CD163 M2 macrophages in the context of cancer progression is emerging as a prominent research area. As we delve deeper, we’ll explore the role of M2 macrophages in tumor progression, the impact of CD163+ macrophages on cancer prognosis, and the critical interaction of CD163 with the Tumor Necrosis Factor-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis (TWEAK).
In the complex ecosystem of a tumor, M2 macrophages play a pivotal role. They are known to destroy the matrix membrane of endothelial cells by secreting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), serine proteases, cathepsins, and decompose various collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix. This activity assists the migration of tumor cells and tumor stromal cells, thereby promoting tumor invasion and metastasis.
CD163+ macrophages are suggested to constitute a subpopulation of cancer cells associated with Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and increased metastatic activity induced by TAMs. Studies have shown that the level of CD163 expression is associated with the metastatic grade, early recurrence, and reduced patient survival in several cancers, including breast cancer, rectal cancer, bladder cancer, and meningioma.
Furthermore, the upregulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is believed to enhance proliferation and suppress apoptosis in CD163+ tumor cells, contributing to tumor growth and poor prognosis.
In recent years, CD163 has been identified as a receptor for TWEAK, a member of the TNF superfamily involved in proinflammatory responses, proangiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. In tumor cells, the binding of TWEAK to its receptor stimulates tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and gene expression that promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune suppression.
However, on macrophages, TWEAK selectively binds to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain of CD163. This CD163-mediated TWEAK scavenging contributes to its degradation and sequestration in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME), which may prevent TWEAK from exerting its tumor-promoting functions. This suggests a potential antitumor benefit of the TWEAK–CD163 interaction in macrophages.
The complex interactions between CD163 M2 macrophages and the tumor environment are a rich field of study with significant implications for cancer research and treatment. At NeoBiotechnologies, we are committed to advancing this research through the manufacture of highly validated, monospecific monoclonal antibodies, ideal for Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry, Western Blotting, or Immunofluorescence. Understanding the role of CD163 M2 macrophages in cancer progression is a critical step towards creating more effective cancer treatments.
Advancements in research have shed light on the significant role of CD163 M2 macrophages in both clinical practice and research, especially in the field of cancer treatment. Understanding the M1/M2 TAM ratio, the use of CD163 as a biomarker, and the potential of CD163 M2 macrophages as therapeutic targets are all pivotal elements in the fight against cancer.
The M1/M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) ratio is an emerging factor in prognosticating cancer. Research has indicated that a higher M1/M2 ratio usually signifies a favorable outcome. This is because M1 macrophages are known for their tumoricidal activity, while M2 macrophages, identified by markers such as CD163, often support tumor growth and metastasis. The assessment of this ratio, as opposed to merely counting the total number of macrophages, provides a more biologically relevant indicator for cancer prognosis.
CD163, a major marker for M2 macrophages, has been recognized as a valuable biomarker in cancer treatment. Its presence is associated with a subpopulation of cancer cells that display increased metastatic activity. Thus, the higher the presence of CD163+ tumor cells, the higher the risk of metastasis. By using CD163 as a biomarker, clinicians and researchers can better understand the tumor microenvironment and anticipate the tumor’s potential for growth and spread.
The unique characteristics of CD163 M2 macrophages make them promising targets for cancer therapy. By targeting CD163+ macrophages, it could be possible to inhibit the tumor-supporting functions of these cells, thereby slowing down or even halting the progression of cancer. However, this is a nascent field of research, and more studies are needed to fully understand the potential and limitations of this approach.
Emerging studies have identified a link between CD163 and cancer prognosis, as seen in gastric cancer patients, where high infiltration of CD163+ macrophages proved to be an independent prognostic factor. But, there is still much to uncover about their precise role in different types of cancer and how their behavior can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit.
For further insights into CD163 M2 macrophages and their clinical implications, explore NeoBiotechnologies’ antibodies against CD163 and reach out to our dedicated technical support team.
